N. Korea develops operating system with Windows-like GUI, Linux guts
The North Korean government appears to have developed its own graphical Linux-based “Red Star” operating system, though its people still prefer that symbol of Yankee high-tech imperialism, Microsoft Windows.
Read more on ARNnet
How to create LXC system containers to isolate services
Vincent Danen shows you how to create Linux Resource Containers to run a full service or set of services, isolated from the host operating system.
Read more on TechRepublic
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Superblock is the most significant component of a Linux volume that restrains critical information about files and folders in file systems as ext2, ext3 and more. It enables us to mount and access the file systems. Superblock corruption primarily occurs due to metadata structure damage, file system corruption, unexpected system shutdown, malicious software like virus and more. In most cases of superblock corruption, the volume becomes unmountable and the data becomes inaccessible. In such situations, you can restore the lost data using an updated backup. However, if you have not maintained any backup or it is not up-to-date, then you need to recover your data by using advanced Linux Data Recovery tools. Consider a practical scenario, when you attempt to boot your Linux system, you encounter the below error message: âWrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/hda8, missing codepage or helper program, or other error. In some cases useful info is found in syslog – try dmesg | tail or soâ After running dmesg tail, you encounter the below error message: âCouldn’t mount because of unsupported optional features (2000200)â After the above error message appears, the system becomes unmountable and data stored on the hard drive volume becomes inaccessible. Additionally, you encounter the same error message each time you attempt to boot your system. Cause: The main reason behind occurrence of the above error message is superblock corruption. Resolution: To resolve the problem and access all inaccessible data, you need to follow these steps: 1. Boot your system by using an alternate block by running the below command: e2fsck -b 98304 /dev/hdb8 2. Once the file system gets restored to the point at which it can be mounted, you need to fix it by using this command: e2fsck -c /dev/hda8 -c parameter checks for the bad blocks However, if the above steps are not able to resolve the issue, you should consider reinstalling Linux. A clean Linux reinstall will erase all existing data from the selected volume. For complete recovery of lost data, you should use efficient Linux Data Recovery software. Such Linux Recovery tools incorporate effective scanning algorithms to recover all your lost data. These recovery tools provide highly graphical user interface that makes them easily understandable without prior technical knowledge. These tools recover data post situations like superblock corruption, group descriptor faults, inode table damage and more. Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery is the foremost Linux Recovery tool. It supports recovery from Ext2, Ext3 and ReiserFS file system based Linux volumes. This Data Recovery Linux tool gets installed on Windows (Vista, XP, 2003 and 2000) and the affected Linux drive is connected as slave.
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We can all be Linux experts, provided we invest the time in learning the craft of Linux administration. Pro Linux System Administration makes it easy for small to medium–sized businesses to enter the world of zero–cost software running on Linux and covers all the distros you might want to use, including Red Hat, Ubuntu, Debian, and CentOS. Authors, and systems infrastructure experts James Turnbull, Peter Lieverdink, and … More >>
Pro Linux System Administration
Boot loaders such as GRUB (Grand Unified Bootloader), LILO (Linux Loader) etc. enable you to select to boot a particular operating system in multiboot or dual boot systems. After selecting the operating system (for example Linux), the booting process initially starts with the booting of Linux Kernel program. A Linux Kernel program is the central component of a computer operating system. It requires the corresponding drivers to access the device on which the file system is based. To avoid any conflict due to all imaginable drivers in the kernel, it uses initial ramdisk (intrd). The intrd is the temporary file system, which is mostly used for preparations before the real root file system can be mounted. Problems might occur when intrd gets loaded before Linux Kernel program. In such situations, the hard drive volume becomes un-mountable and the data saved in the hard drive becomes inaccessible. In such situations, you need to recover your data from the latest backup. In case, no backup is available or the backup is corrupted, you need to use efficient Linux Data Recovery applications to recover your lost data files.
Consider a practical example, when you attempt to boot Linux operating system, you encounter the below error message:
âMust load Linux kernel before initrdâ
The above error message occurs each time you try to boot the Linux operating system on your computer. After the above error message appears, the data saved in the Linux volume becomes inaccessible.
Cause:
The above error message mainly occurs when the intrd gets loaded before the Linux Kernel program.
Resolution:
To resolve the above error and access the data, you need to remove the intrd from your computer. However, if you still encounter an error, then only option left is to access the volume by reinstalling the Linux operating system. A clean reinstall of the operating system will erase all previously stored data in the hard drive. In such scenarios, you need to recover lost data by using effective Linux Data Recovery software. These advanced recovery applications incorporate high-end scanning methods to recover lost data from a logically corrupted hard drive.
Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery serves the purpose of providing reliable and easy Linux Data Recovery. This read only Linux Recovery software supports Ext2, Ext3 and ReiserFS file systems. It gets installed on Windows (Vista, XP, 2003 and 2000) and the affected Linux drive should be connected as slave.
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The performance of Linux memory can be hampered with the shortage of the physical memory. Various systems use different types of memories and the end user should have some knowledge about the memory of the system he or she uses. The great benefit that can be obtained from the Linux memory is that it is more capable when compared to Microsoft or Windows. Its performance is much high on the cutting edge hardware. Due to this feature, many users who have the old version of windows 98 have started to switch over now.The fact of the subject, nevertheless, is that the power of new computers has been increased and hence many features have been added to the desktop environments of the Linux memory. Due to this consequence, many distributions with the default will give a low level of performance when it is installed on the hardware of old version. It has become true in many new applications and also many web browsers like Fire fox and office suites like open office that are featured fully. When the same is made to run on a system that has the capacity of 128 MB RAM, it will be a sore experience.How a solution can be derived for this problem? It is quite simple. The old hard ware has to be thrown or in other words it has to be upgraded. A new memory can be installed. When it is decided to have the system with Linux memory, there should not be any fear as this Linux community is famous for many years and possesses a good strength in the field of hardware. In many cases, the first important factor that has to be considered is the performance of the operating system and the capacity of memory available in the same. In some computers, the processor may be very fast but the memory will not be upto the desired level and thus the processor will not be utilized to the fullest extent. The system will be made to waste its time in data shuffling between the swap space and the physical memory thus leaving the CPU idle for most of the time. Hence it is advisable to increase the performance of the old machine by increasing its memory capacity and speed. But this may not be possible in many systems due to various reasons. Some of them are RAM speed and shortage of free slots etc. Some systems may not be worthy for spending money on them due to their age.If, on the other hand, if the system is not fit for upgrading, then the next available good choice is to decrease the RAM requirement to make the system work better than before. Overall, it is advisable to change the system if there is no room to upgrade it. The system has to be updated every now and then for maintaining it at par with the industry trend.
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A dual boot or multi boot is a system in which two operating systems are installed on a single hard drive, letting you boot from either of the operating system. The boot loader is a program which allows you to have dual booting. General combination of operating systems exercised in dual booting includes Linux and Windows. The dual booting allows you to use features and functions of both of the operating systems on a single computer. Dual boot systems are mostly useful for programmers and testers. Although, dual boot systems are very useful but sometimes they can also cause several problems. A minor mistake made by the user while making a dual boot system can lead to the several catastrophic problems. A common mistake made by the users, while making a dual boot system, is selecting “prepare hard drive” option. This option appears you when you install Windows operating system on a Linux system, in order to make it multi boot. When you use this option, all of the hard drive partitions and stored data gets deleted. After that new partitions are created and the operating system is installed. When the installation will complete, you will have a blank hard drive without any operating system and data. Everything, which was previously stored on the hard drive, will be deleted. Data loss and hard drive partition loss is the worst case scenario which a computer user, either general or professional, could face. It can cause several nightmares and can possibly put you out of the business. In such circumstances, it becomes really important to recover your precious data from the formatted hard drive to save you and your business. The data recovery in these cases needs to be performed for the Linux data. The data recovery Linux is possible through the use of Linux data recovery software. Linux recovery software is the applications, offered by the several data recovery companies, to handle all the data loss situations. A powerful data recovery Linux software does a thorough scan of the hard drive and extracts data up to the maximum level of possibility. To ensure the absolute Linux data recovery, selecting powerful Linux recovery software of trusted brand is worth. Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery software is the most influential hard drive recovery software provided by the most trusted name of the data recovery industry- Stellar. This software is able to attend all the data loss scenarios and recover data in a quick and easy way. This Linux Recovery software is extremely powerful and easy to use so that you can carry out Linux data recovery without having any sound technical knowledge. This software supports all the Linux file systems such as Ext2, Ext3 and ReiserFS.
On a Windows installed computer, you can install Linux as the second operating system. To proceed Linux installation, you need to create /boot partition using free space available on the hard disk or by shrinking the existing Windows partition. You are not recommended to abort the Linux installation while the Setup is creating space for /boot partition. Doing so might render the Windows partition inaccessible. Your data might get lost and thus, to restore the data, you will need to use your current data backup. If it is not feasible as data backup is damaged or incomplete, you need to use an efficient Windows Partition Recovery application.
To illustrate it, consider the below scenario:
You use a Windows installed computer system with two partitions, boot partition and a data partition
You run Linux Setup to install the operating system on free space of the hard drive
You abort the installation operation while it was creating the /boot partition
You restart the computer and find that the data partition is inaccessible
The data partition is accessible but when you use any utility that accesses partitions’ information, it reports incorrect information about hard drive partitions
Cause
You have partially or completely corrupted the MBR partition table by aborting Linux installation process. An interrupted installation might introduce errors in hard disk partition table.
Solution
To solve the existing issue, you might consider the following recommendations:
You can delete and recreate the damaged partition provided you have a valid data backup available
If you do not have any clean backup that could be used to restore the lost information, you need to use a third-party utility Partition Recovery
Windows Partition Recoverytools are suitable applications that could restore lost data from a corrupted, damaged, lost or formatted hard disk partition. These software are embedded with advanced options and safe, yet powerful, scanning algorithms that could locate the missing data and restore it at a safe location. Such utilities serve as comprehensive recovery products to recover logically crashed Windows partitions.
Stellar Phoenix Windows Data Recovery is a fully-competent to recover and restore Windows partitions for Windows 7 RC1, Vista, XP, 2003 and 2000 based systems. It is a non-destructive program to Recover Windows Partition. The tool provides you advanced options, such as RAW File Recovery, Drive Status, Disk Imaging and more. It supports FAT32, VFAT, NTFS and NTFS5 file systems.
Hard drive resizing a common practice for most of the computer users, who prioritize the effective management of data. Most of the computer operating systems, including Windows and Linux provide inbuilt utilize to manage hard drive partitions. But in some situations, generally in a dual-boot system with Windows and Linux, partition resizing in Windows may damage the Linux partitions and lead to critical data loss situations. In such critical situations, you are required to opt for Linux Data Recovery to retrieve data from damaged Linux hard drive volumes. Consider the following scenario. You resize your Windows Vista partition using in-built Disk Manger tool to free up some hard drive space. Then you install Linux on the newly created Ext4 hard drive partitions. At last, you create another NTFS file system partition for storing data that you formatted in Windows Vista and end up with a partition scheme that is similar to the following one:sda1 (primary) Hidden (Recovery)sda2 (primary) Vista C:\ (NTFS)sda3 (primary) Linux \ (Ext4)sda5 (extended) Swap Swap (Swap)sda6 (extended) Data D:\ (NTFS)Your systems works properly until you download and install security updates in Windows Vista. After applying the updates, when you boot your Linux system next time, fsck gives you a number of error messages about the multiply-claimed blocks by the Inodes of udev rule files. Udev corruption creates a number of issues with your Linux computer and renders your valuable data inaccessible. In Linux operating system, udev is a device manage for 2.6 series of kernel. It primarily manges the device nodes in /dev. This is successor of the hotplug and devfs that meas it handles /dev directory and all the user space actions. In such critical situations, you need to replace the damaged kernel files or even the kernel. It is possible by formatting the hard drive and reinstalling operating system. Although, formatting removes all of the hard drive errors, but also delete all the files from hard drive. In Such scenarios, you require Data Recovery Linux to extract data from formatted hard drive. The Linux Data Recovery is possible through third-party applications, known as Linux Recovery Software. The tools perform extensive scan of entire hard drive and extract all the data from it. With rich graphical user interface and read-only conduct, the applications are easy and safe to use. Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery is a comprehensive software to ensure absolute and quick recovery of all your lost data from Ext4, Ext3, Ext2, FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32 file system volumes. The application works will most of the major distributions of Linux operating system including SUSE, Ubuntu, Red Hat and Fedora.
Most people purchase computers to run programs – whether it is to send email, browse the web, meet friends of girlfriends on msn messenger, do office work or just play solitaire.
People buy computers to use programs for their functionality not to run operating systems be in Microsoft Windows, the new Microsoft Vista product , the Mac Operations Systems or the various Linux Operating Systems – be they Ubuntu Linux , Mandiva , Knoppix or Debian.
At the heart of most computer users is functionality and usability. It is as simple as that. It is an interesting situation that the Microsoft Corporation controls the vast lion’s share of the computer operating system market. Indeed it even has a major share holding of the next player in line – Apple with the Macintosh OS (Operating System).
What are the issues?
1) Linux is not really free. Linux, in its various flavors or distros, is given free of charge, whether it is on a cd, DVD or downloaded. You can install the program on your own compute or various computers , at no charge to yourself whatsoever
This is in direct contrast to a commercial product such as Microsoft Windows or the new Microsoft Vista which you to purchase a boxed version or a valid license which comes with most computer systems purchased. This license which comes on most new computers as a matter of course could be referred to as the “Microsoft Computer Tax” and is not an option you can forego, to reduce the purchase of your new compute – whether or not you wish to use another operating system such as Linux.
Linux is given free of charge to install. This is not a shareware or time limited version of the product which requires a registration fee after a period of time.
If you require product support or training commercial organizations do exist which will charge you for support of that product or for training or both. Indeed it can be said that Microsoft itself charges for product support, Symantec the antivirus / security organization charges for basic support by product, subscription fees – sometimes automatic subscription fees and 900 phone number and charge card “Priority Support”.
Indeed you would not expect your local school or technical college to provide computer and compute software training free of charge.
2) Linux is complex and will force you to learn the Linux command line,
Not true simple as that. The various Linux distros all have GUI (Graphic User Interfaces) just like Microsoft Windows, Windows used to come as command line DOS. Windows users use pull down windows to operate the software. So can and do most Linux users
3) Compared to Windows , Installing Linux is Difficult
- The vast majority of computer users are computer neophytes and beginners.
These computer users purchase computers with the operations system Microsoft Windows or the Macintosh Operating System installed on their new computers. These people could not install the Windows Operating system and the device drivers necessary if their life depended on it. How the situation of a Linux is based computer any different.
It is only a matter of time until new computers come preinstalled with the Linux operating system. Imagine if Henry Ford had been told not to build new cars since there were few good roads available in America.
4) My Computer Hardware Just Works Under Windows
5) Again untrue in many cases and soon to be less of an issue as more and more computers will come preinstalled with a Linux operating system. Already Dell Computer (which was a Microsoft stalwart) is selling Linux based laptops. Interestingly the response to the Ubuntu Linux dell notebooks is quite positive, If you think Linux hardware compatibility is an issue try upgrading to the new Microsoft Vista from your previous Microsoft Windows product. You will find to your surprise that few if little of computer hardware are supported. You may have upgraded to the new Vista and found you have either no sound, good video or even internet connections via your network adapter device or wireless network adapter. And try undoing your upgrade to get back to your working windows version – it cannot be done.
Lastly you may say I run Windows since all of the programs I use are available only on the Windows operations system – since that is the dominant player in the market. You may well surmise that since Windows is the more than dominant player in the computer OS market that software developers write their product almost exclusively for the windows operations system and that market.
This is true. If you are using a specialized product for your job, industry, situation or preference you may well be locked in.
In the end most people buy and use computers for functionality and use. Most people use their computers for internet browsing , communication – whether it by email or messenger services (M.S.N. , Yahoo , Skype , Eyeball Chat) , downloading and burning music and in more than many cases for playing nothing more than computer games such as simple solitaire.
In these cases the functionality of Linux and its program base easily allows for this. Indeed many of the cutting edge programs and computer services come out of left field by computer software developers and enthusiasts whose preference of Computer Operating System is guess what – Linux in its various forms.
